1. GOOD WRITING
A. Good writers use more verbs.
B. However, it is hard to write without verbs.
C. The reason is that if unnecessary words are reduced, the verb-percentage goes up as a mathematical necessity.
D. So “use verbs” is not really good advice; writers have to use verbs, and trying to add extra ones would not turn out well.
1. ABCD
2. ACBD
3. ABDC
4. DBCA
5. None of these
2. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
A. The French Revolution created a vision for a new moral universe: that sovereignty resides in nations; that a constitution and the rule of law govern politics; that people are equal and enjoy inalienable rights; and that church and state should be separate.
B. The French Revolution invented modern revolution —the idea that humans can transform the world according to a plan—and so has a central place in the study of the social sciences.
C. It ushered in modernity by destroying the foundations of the “Old Regime”—absolutist politics, legal inequality, a “feudal” economy (characterized by guilds, manorialism, and even serfdom), and an alliance of church and state.
D. That vision is enshrined in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789, whose proclamation of “natural, imprescriptible, and inalienable” rights served as the model for the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
1. ADBC
2. BADC
3. ACBD
4. BCAD
3. THE SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE
A. During the 24-hour darkness of the austral autumn and winter, the South Pole Telescope operates nonstop under impeccable conditions for astronomy.
B. The atmosphere is thin (the pole is more than 9,300 feet above sea level, 9,000 of which are ice), stable (due to the absence of the heating and cooling effects of a rising and setting Sun) and the pole has some of the calmest winds on Earth, blowing almost always from the same direction.
C. “The South Pole has the harshest environment on Earth, but also the most benign,” says William Holzapfel, a University of California at Berkeley astrophysicist, the on-site lead researcher at the South Pole Telescope.
D. From an astronomer’s perspective, not until the Sun goes down and stays down—March through September— does the South Pole get “benign.”
1. ABCD
2. CDBA
3. CDAB
4. ACBD
4. PERPETUATING STANDARDS
A. As "operating systems", Latin and French outlived the strategic pre-eminence of Rome and France.
B. Nor will Chinese, Russian, or Indian culture soon shoulder aside the American version-high or low- whose draw is embodied by Harvard and Hollywood.
C. Once a standard exists, it tends to perpetuate itself-just like the dollar, for all its ups and downs will not soon yield to the Euro or the Renminbi.
D. By such measures, no other rival, not even China, comes close to America, whatever the country's many familiar failings and riches of the rising rest.
1. ACBD
2. BADC
3. CBAD
4. CABD
2. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
A. The French Revolution created a vision for a new moral universe: that sovereignty resides in nations; that a constitution and the rule of law govern politics; that people are equal and enjoy inalienable rights; and that church and state should be separate.
B. The French Revolution invented modern revolution —the idea that humans can transform the world according to a plan—and so has a central place in the study of the social sciences.
C. It ushered in modernity by destroying the foundations of the “Old Regime”—absolutist politics, legal inequality, a “feudal” economy (characterized by guilds, manorialism, and even serfdom), and an alliance of church and state.
D. That vision is enshrined in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789, whose proclamation of “natural, imprescriptible, and inalienable” rights served as the model for the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
1. ADBC
2. BADC
3. ACBD
4. BCAD
5. None of these
3. THE SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE
A. During the 24-hour darkness of the austral autumn and winter, the South Pole Telescope operates nonstop under impeccable conditions for astronomy.
B. The atmosphere is thin (the pole is more than 9,300 feet above sea level, 9,000 of which are ice), stable (due to the absence of the heating and cooling effects of a rising and setting Sun) and the pole has some of the calmest winds on Earth, blowing almost always from the same direction.
C. “The South Pole has the harshest environment on Earth, but also the most benign,” says William Holzapfel, a University of California at Berkeley astrophysicist, the on-site lead researcher at the South Pole Telescope.
D. From an astronomer’s perspective, not until the Sun goes down and stays down—March through September— does the South Pole get “benign.”
1. ABCD
2. CDBA
3. CDAB
4. ACBD
5. None of these
4. PERPETUATING STANDARDS
A. As "operating systems", Latin and French outlived the strategic pre-eminence of Rome and France.
B. Nor will Chinese, Russian, or Indian culture soon shoulder aside the American version-high or low- whose draw is embodied by Harvard and Hollywood.
C. Once a standard exists, it tends to perpetuate itself-just like the dollar, for all its ups and downs will not soon yield to the Euro or the Renminbi.
D. By such measures, no other rival, not even China, comes close to America, whatever the country's many familiar failings and riches of the rising rest.
1. ACBD
2. BADC
3. CBAD
4. CABD
5. None of these
5. PLANT EVOLUTION
A. The oldest fossil grasses are just 70 million years old, although grass may have evolved a bit earlier than that.
B. There have been land plants for 465 million years, yet there were no flowers for over two-thirds of that time.
C. The equally-familiar grasses appeared even more recently.
D. Flowering plants only appeared in the middle of the dinosaur era.
1. DCBA
2. BCAD
3. CADB
4. BDCA
5. PLANT EVOLUTION
A. The oldest fossil grasses are just 70 million years old, although grass may have evolved a bit earlier than that.
B. There have been land plants for 465 million years, yet there were no flowers for over two-thirds of that time.
C. The equally-familiar grasses appeared even more recently.
D. Flowering plants only appeared in the middle of the dinosaur era.
1. DCBA
2. BCAD
3. CADB
4. BDCA
5. None of these
6. IDENTITY POLITICS
A. Nevertheless, the focus of otherwise very different movements - from cultural feminism to environmentalism to radical jihadism - is fundamentally the same: moral regulation.
B. Identity politics constantly demands the creation of new identities and lifestyle groups, often hostile to one another.
C. The main beneficiary of this shift from explicit political clashes to new forms of culture war has been identity politics.
D. Many of the political battles of the past two decades have actually been battles over cultural values, be it marriage, family, sexuality, abortion, immigration, multiculturalism, Islam or the EU.
1. BACD
2. DACB
3. DCBA
4. BADC
7. INDIAN VILLAGE CULTURE AND POLITY
A. Patrilineal ownership of lands and the culture of dowry attached to it have turned daughters into bad debts.
B. The control of such castes on local politics aggravates masculine hubris.
C. The bigotry of our village culture and polity is intrinsically linked to a control of land and agriculture.
D. Land makes certain castes ‘kingly’ in rural communities.
1. DBCA
2. DABC
3. CDBA
4. ADBC
6. IDENTITY POLITICS
A. Nevertheless, the focus of otherwise very different movements - from cultural feminism to environmentalism to radical jihadism - is fundamentally the same: moral regulation.
B. Identity politics constantly demands the creation of new identities and lifestyle groups, often hostile to one another.
C. The main beneficiary of this shift from explicit political clashes to new forms of culture war has been identity politics.
D. Many of the political battles of the past two decades have actually been battles over cultural values, be it marriage, family, sexuality, abortion, immigration, multiculturalism, Islam or the EU.
1. BACD
2. DACB
3. DCBA
4. BADC
5. None of these
7. INDIAN VILLAGE CULTURE AND POLITY
A. Patrilineal ownership of lands and the culture of dowry attached to it have turned daughters into bad debts.
B. The control of such castes on local politics aggravates masculine hubris.
C. The bigotry of our village culture and polity is intrinsically linked to a control of land and agriculture.
D. Land makes certain castes ‘kingly’ in rural communities.
1. DBCA
2. DABC
3. CDBA
4. ADBC
5. None of these
8. THE COLD WAR
A. The Cold War was underpinned by an understanding which allowed the US to maintain hegemony over the capitalist world and which gave the Soviet Union a regional sphere of influence in Eastern Europe.
B. The bloody upheavals and wars occurred not in Europe, America or Russia, but in Asia, Africa and the Middle East, and were either directly or indirectly a response to the experience of Western colonialism.
C. Despite the aggressive rhetoric of this era, the Cold War was a period of relative peace between hostile geopolitical blocs.
D. In retrospect, what was remarkable about the Cold War was the ability of most of the major players to manage their conflict.
1. ADCB
2. DBCA
3. CBDA
4. BADC
5. None of these
9. THE MANDATE OF HEAVEN
A. The Mandate of Heaven indicated divine approval of a king’s right to rule.
B. In other words, the Mandate of Heaven gave divine ruling authority to kings that lived a moral life, administered justice, and protected the welfare of his people.
C. Whereas Medieval Europeans legitimized their ruling authority by the divine right of kings, Confucian societies used a similar concept called the Mandate of Heaven.
D. However, it differed from the divine right of kings in that Heaven’s endorsement depends upon the virtuous conduct of the ruler.
1. ABCD
2. ABDC
3. CDAB
4. CADB
5. None of these
10. GENERAL YI
A. General Yi knew that the Ming dynasty was more powerful than Mongols were and judged that if he attacked, the Ming would likely invade Korea.
B. Upon his arrival in Kaesŏng, General Yi toppled the government through a military coup and in 1392 CE, he placed himself on the throne —ushering in the Chosŏn Kingdom.
C. Due to his prominence in 1388 CE, the anti-Ming (pro-Mongol) faction sent General Yi to expel a contingent of Ming troops stationed on the northern part of the Korean Peninsula.
D. Seeing the campaign as a potential disaster, General Yi turned his troops south towards the Koryŏ capital, Kaesŏng.
1. ACDB
2. CADB
3. ADCB
4. CBDA
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MAHENDRA GURU