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Directions (1-10): Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words have been given in bold to help you locate them while answering some questions.
The notion of women empowerment has become a buzzword in the contemporary development discourse both at national and international level. It is a general part of general concept of empowerment which emerged in 1990s as a strategy as well as goal of development in the wake of globalization. The World Social Development Summit, 1995 specifically mentions that empowering people, particularly women, to strengthen their capacities is the main objective of development. The Beijing Declaration adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995 reiterates, “women empowerment and their full participation on the basis of equality in all spheres of society, including participation in the decision-making process and access to power, are fundamental for the development of equality, development and peace.” The World Development Report-1997 (World Bank), emphasized on the empowerment as an integral part of development process. Though initially the idea of empowerment was viewed as a tool or at the best a viable strategy, or a core component of development, but later it became the goal of development under the idea of ‘development as empowerment’. This was the logical result of discourse on development moving from the narrow confines of economic development (traditional approach) to modern approaches like human development (UNDP), ‘Development as Freedom’ (Amartya Sen), and Capabilities Approach to Development (Martha Nussbaum). Gradually, the international development bodies, national governments and other stakeholders like NGOs, Civil Society Organisations tried to mainstream the idea of women empowerment in the development process. The Millennium Development Goals, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2000 consist of eight goals which are to be achieved by the global community by the year 2015 and one of these goals is ‘to promote gender equality and empower women.’
Immediately after the World War II, the ‘welfare approach’ was adopted to improve the status of women in society. Under this women were the passive beneficiaries of the welfare measures of the government. The approach even failed to highlight the fundamental women issues in the economic growth strategy. This was at best the extension of reformatory approach initiated in the latter half of the 19th century.
With the independence of large number of poor countries and experience of inadequacy of economic growth model, the development model was adopted as a new growth strategy in early 1970s. At this time, the liberal feminists in US advocated a approach called, ‘Women in Development (WID) which was rapidly adopted by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The term WID was coined in early 1970s by the Women’s Committee of Washington DC, Chapter of the Society for International Development, which was a network of women development professionals. The WID emerged from the realization that the prevailing economic strategic have frequently negative impact on the women. The underlying rationale of the WID is women are an untapped resources who can provide economic contribution to the development. It acknowledges the basic human need to earn livelihood and focuses mainly on women in isolation and advocates measures such as access to credit and employment. The purpose is the better integration of women in the development process. Under this approach women’s significant productive contribution was made visible but their re-productive roles was downplayed. It failed to address the fundamental gender issues as it had a very narrow analysis of ‘problem’ of women. Therefore, a new approach called ‘Women and Development’ (WAD) emerged in second half of the 1970s which was .inspired and advocated by socialist brand of feminism. This approach claims that women are already an integrated part of development and what is needed is not their integration in the development but the recognition of their contribution in the development made through their productive as well as reproductive capacities. It focuses on the economic role played by women both inside and outside home and considers these activities essential for the survival of family unit. It treats women as a homogeneous category and ignores cultural differences of class, race or ethnicity. The WAD is the refined and more critical version of WID.
Q1 The millennium development goals were adopted by the UN General assembly in which of the following year? 01. 1997
02. 2000
03. 1970
04. 1995
05. 1990
Q2 The goal ‘to promote gender equality and empower women’ is a part of which of the following?
01. United Nations Development Program
02. UN General Assembly
03. World Development Report
04. Millennium Development goals
05. Civil Society organizations
Q3 Which of the following is TRUE regarding the ‘welfare approach’ as mentioned by the author? A. The approach failed to highlight the fundamental women issues.
B. It aimed to improve the status of women in society.
C. Under this the women were the active beneficiaries of the welfare measures of the Government.
01. Only C
02. Only B
03. Both B & C
04. Only A
05. Both A & B
Q4 Which activities is the author talking about that are essential for the survival of a family unit? 01. The women in every family should be working to support the family.
02. The women in every family should be a part of millennium development goal.
03. The women of the family should be involved in the development process.
04. The economic role played by women both inside and outside home.
05. The emotional role played by women for their children and the society at large.
Q5 Which of the following is NOT TRUE? 01. Women empowerment formed a part of general concept of empowerment which emerged in 1990’s in the wake of globalization.
02. Millennium development goals consists of nine goals which are to be achieved by the global community.
03. The liberal feminists in US advocated an approach called ‘women in development’.
04. A new approach called women and development emerged in second half of the 1970’s which was inspired by socialist brand of feminism.
05. The world development report -1997 emphasized on the empowerment as an integral part of development process.
Q6 Which of the following is TRUE in context of WID? A. The approach focuses on basic human need to earn livelihood.
B. The purpose of the approach is a better integration of women in the development process.
C. A new approach by the name of women and development was introduced as WID was unable to analyse the problem of women.
01. Only A
02. Both A & B
03. Both A & C
04. All are true
05. Only C
Q7 What did the new approach WAD, claim?
01. It claimed that women need no empowerment schemes as women are capable of taking care of themselves.
02. It says that women are the passive beneficiaries of the welfare measures of the government.
03. It claimed that women are already an integrated part of development and what they need is the recognition of their productive as well as their reproductive contributions.
04. It claimed to promote gender equality and empowerment of women.
05. It claims women as a homogenous category and ignores cultural differences of class, race or ethnicity.
Q8 What did the world social development summit, state?
01. It stated that, people should monitor the empowerment of women and they should help women in establishing them in individual capacity.
02. It wanted women to move away from being passive recipient of development benefits to becoming owners of the process of development itself.
03. It stated to develop a viable strategy to enhance the position and contribution of women in the society.
04. It stated that the main objective of development is empowering people, particularly women.
05. It aimed at highlighting the empowerment of rural poor only and how to bring them at par with the urban women.
Q9 Which of the following is TRUE?
01. The belief of women empowerment has become a Jargon in the current development process at national as well as at the international level.
02. Fourth world conference adopted the world social summit in 1995 emphasizing women empowerment and their full participation on the basis of equality.
03. Liberal feminists in US introduced the approach called women and development (WAD).
04. WAD, the new approach was rapidly inculcated by the United States Agency for international development (USAID).
05. The international development bodies, national governments and other stockholders like NGO’s etc. were against the process of development and women empowerment.
Q10 Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word given in bold as used in the passage.
Emphasized
01. Emperor
02. Predicted
03. Highlighted
04. Stipulated
05. Verify
Answers :-
Q.1 (2)
Q.2 (4)
Q.3 (5)
Q.4 (4)
Q.5 (2)
Q.6 (3)
Q.7 (1)
Q.8 (4)
Q.9 (3)
Q.10 (4)
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